World centers of origin of Cultivated Plants

Fonte: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_origin

Center

Plants

1) South Mexican and Central American Center

Includes southern sections of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica.

·                    Grains and Legumes: maize, common bean, lima bean, tepary bean, jack bean, grain amaranth

·                    Melon Plants: malabar gourd, winter pumpkin, chayote

·                    Fiber Plants: upland cotton, bourbon cotton, henequen (sisal)

·                    Miscellaneous: sweetpotato, arrowroot, pepper, papaya, guava, cashew, wild black cherry, chochenial, cherry tomato, cacao.

2) South American Center

62 plants listed; three subcenters

2) Peruvian, Ecuadorean, Bolivian Center:

·                    Root Tubers: Andean potato, Other endemic cultivated potato species. Fourteen or more species with chromosome numbers varying from 24 to 60, Edible nasturtium

·                    Grains and Legumes: starchy maize, lima bean, common bean

·                    Root Tubers: edible canna, potato

·                    Vegetable Crops: pepino, tomato, ground cherry, pumpkin, pepper

·                    Fiber Plants: Egyptian cotton

·                    Fruit and Miscellaneous: cocoa, passion flower, guava, heilborn, quinine tree, tobacco, cherimoya

2A) Chiloe Center (Island near the coast of southern Chile)

·                    Common potato (48 chromosomes), Chilean strawberry

2B) Brazilian-Paraguayan Center

·                    manioc, peanut, rubber tree, pineapple, Brazil nut, cashew, Erva-mate, purple granadilla.

3) Mediterranean Center

Includes the borders of the Mediterranean Sea. 84 listed plants

·                    Cereals and Legumes: durum wheat, emmer, Polish wheat, spelt, Mediterranean oats, sand oats, canarygrass,grass pea, pea, lupine

·                    Forage Plants: Egyptian clover, white clover, crimson clover, serradella

·                    Oil and Fiber Plants: flax, rape, black mustard, olive

·                    Vegetables: garden beet, cabbage, turnip, lettuce, asparagus, celery, chicory, parsnip, rhubarb,

·                    Ethereal Oil and Spice Plants: caraway, anise, thyme, peppermint, sage, hop.

4) Middle East

Includes interior of Asia Minor, all of Transcaucasia, Iran, and the highlands of Turkmenistan. 83 species

·                    Grains and Legumes: einkorn wheat, durum wheat, poulard wheat, common wheat, oriental wheat, Persian wheat, two-row barley, rye, Mediterranean oats, common oats, lentil, lupine

·                    Forage Plants: alfalfa, Persian clover, fenugreek, vetch, hairy vetch

·                    Fruits: fig, pomegranate, apple, pear, quince, cherry, hawthorn.

5) Ethiopia

Includes Abyssinia, Eritrea, and part of Somaliland. 38 species listed; rich in wheat and barley.

·                    Grains and Legumes: Abyssinian hard wheat, poulard wheat, emmer, Polish wheat, barley, grain sorghum, pearl millet, African millet, cowpea, flax, teff

·                    Miscellaneous: sesame, castor bean, garden cress, coffee, okra, myrrh, indigo.

6) Central Asiatic Center

Includes Northwest India (Punjab, Northwest Frontier Provinces and Kashmir), Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, and western Tian-Shan. 43 plants

·                    Grains and Legumes: common wheat, club wheat, shot wheat, peas, lentil, horse bean, chickpea, mung bean,mustard, flax, sesame

·                    Fiber Plants: hemp, cotton

·                    Vegetables: onion, garlic, spinach, carrot

·                    Fruits: pistacio, pear, almond, grape, apple.

7) Indian Center

Two subcenters

7) Indo-Burma: Main Center (India): Includes Assam and Burma, but not Northwest India, Punjab, nor Northwest Frontier Provinces, 117 plants

·                    Cereals and Legumes: rice, chickpea, pigeon pea, urd bean, mung bean, rice bean, cowpea,

·                    Vegetables and Tubers: eggplant, cucumber, radish, taro, yam

·                    Fruits: mango, orange, tangerine, citron, tamarind

·                    Sugar, Oil, and Fiber Plants: sugar cane, coconut palm, sesame, safflower, tree cotton, oriental cotton, jute,crotalaria, kenaf

·                    Spices, Stimulants, Dyes, and Miscellaneous: hemp, black pepper, gum arabic, sandalwood, indigo, cinnamon tree,croton, bamboo.

7A) Siam-Malaya-Java: statt Indo-Malayan Center: Includes Indo-China and the Malay Archipelago, 55 plants

·                    Cereals and Legumes: Job's tears, velvet bean

·                    Fruits: pummelo, banana, breadfruit, mangosteen

·                    Oil, Sugar, Spice, and Fiber Plants: candlenut, coconut palm, sugarcane, clove, nutmeg, black pepper, manila hemp.

8) Chinese Center

A total of 136 endemic plants are listed in the largest independent center

·                    Cereals and Legumes: e.g. broomcorn millet, Italian millet, Japanese barnyard millet, Koaliang, buckwheat, hull-less barley, soybean, Adzuki bean, velvet bean

·                    Roots, Tubers, and Vegetables: e.g. Chinese yam, radish, Chinese cabbage, onion, cucumber

·                    Fruits and Nuts: e.g. pear, Chinese apple, peach, apricot, cherry, walnut, litchi

·                    Sugar, Drug, and Fiber Plants: e.g.sugar cane, opium poppy, ginseng camphor, hemp.